Suriye’de YPG ve yabancı terörist savaşçılar

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En yakıcı sorunlara neden olan Suriye krizinde de terör kavramı üzerinden kimliklendirmelerde çeşitli uzlaşmalar olsa da Suriye krizine müdahil olan Türkiye, ABD, Rusya ve AB arasında Suriyeli muhalifler dışındaki rejim karşıtı silahlı gruplar (Suriye el Kaidesi Huras ed-Din, Heyet Tahrir Şam, Ensar ed-Din, Ensar el İslam, Türkistan İslam Partisi), Özgür Suriye Ordusu ve YPG (PKK’nın Suriye kolu) konusunda görüş ayrılıkları devam ediyor.

 

Terör kavramındaki belirsizlik nedeniyle küresel olarak gözlemlenen çatışma alanlarında devletlerin yürüttüğü savaşlardaki vekil güçler, devlet dışı silahlı örgütler, konusunda pek çok tartışma yürütülüyor.[af] Konu ile ilgili verilendirilmiş istatistik çalışmaları ve bu konudaki tartışmalara ışık tutan notlar için bkz: Dangerous Companios – Cooperation between states and non-state armed groups – http://armedgroups.net/data.html ayrıca bkz: Development cooperation and non-state armed groups – Alman Gelişim Enstitüsü Yayını – https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Studies_29.pdf ; Engaging non-state armed groups or listing terrorists? – Implications for the arms control community – https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/UNIDIR_pdf-art2708.pdf [/af]

 

Bu tartışmalar askeri ve diplomatik alanda çeşitli aksiyonlara neden olurken terörizm konusunda BM’nin son on yılda pek çok ayrı süreç ve açıklama[af] BM’nin yabancı terörist savaşçılar konusundaki önemli açıklaması 2014 yılında yaptığı açıklamalardır. Bkz: 2170 nolu açıklama için https://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2170%20(2014). Ayrıca BM’nin yabancı terörist savaşçı tanımı için bkz: Implementation of Security Council resolution 2178 (2014) by States affected by foreign terrorist fighters – https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp- content/uploads/2016/09/FTF-Report-1-3_English.pdf [/af] ile ele aldığı ‘yabancı terörist savaşçı’ konusunda da bir çatışma yaşanıyor.

 

BM tanımlamasında açık bir ifade ile “Terörist eylemlerin sürdürülmesi, planlanması veya hazırlanması ya da eylemlere silahlı çatışma yolu ile katılımı da dahil olmak üzere terörist eğitimin sağlanması ya da alınması amacıyla ikamet ya da uyruğu dışındaki bir devlete seyahat eden kişilere” yabancı terörist savaşçı (YTS) diyor.[af] Güvenlik Konseyi’nin 2170 ve 2178 sayılı kararı (2014) [/af] Ne var ki siyasi nedenlerle üzerinde henüz uzlaşma sağlanamamış genel geçer bir terörizm kavramından söz edilemediği için YTS konusunda da ülkeler ciddi sorunlar yaşamaya devam ediyor. Son yirmi yılda yükselen ve çeşitli eylemlerle ABD ve AB’nin hedefine oturan ‘Küresel Cihat’ yanlısı marjinal örgütlerin ABD, Asya, çeşitli Orta Doğu ve AB ülkelerinden sağladıkları insan kaynağı ve mali kaynaklar üzerinden şekillendirilen YTS sorunu, terörizm konusundaki tartışmaların benzerini yaşamaktadır.

 

Çatışma alanlarındaki devlet dışı unsurların bir kısmının terörist ve YTS ilan edilmesine karşılık diğer bazı devlet dışı unsurlar meşru sayılmış, ideolojik ekonomik ve askeri çıkarlar için eylemleri ve bu eylemlerin mevcut ve olası sonuçları görmezden gelinmiştir. Bu süreç Suriye krizinde kendisini açıkça ortaya koymuştur.

 

Suriye iç savaşında IŞİD’in eylemleri ile uluslararası bir soruna dönüştüğü eşikte YTS kavramının yansımaları da Türkiye ile müttefikleri arasında ciddi sorunlara neden oldu. IŞİD ile mücadele kapsamında PKK’nın Suriye uzantısı olan YPG’nin ABD ve öncülüğündeki koalisyon tarafından eğitilip donatılma süreci, örgütün dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinden çok sayıda yabancı savaşçıya ve kaynağa erişimini kolaylaştırdı. ABD ve koalisyon üyesi AB ülkeleri ise bu duruma BM kararlarına muhalefet ettiği halde sessiz kaldı.

 

IŞİD ile mücadele kapsamında büyük çoğunluğu PKK’nın Türkiye’de işbirliği yaptığı yasadışı Sosyalist örgütler olmak üzere dünyanın birçok bölgesinden örgüt, hareket ve kişiler YPG saflarında savaşmak için Suriye’ye gitti. Anti-emperyalizm, anti-faşizm, anarşizm gibi akımların etkileri ve sloganları altında YPG çatısı altında IŞİD’e karşı savaşan bu örgüt, hareket ve kişiler dünyada emperyalizmin simgesi halindeki ABD’nin silah ve mali yardımını YPG üzerinden almaya devam ediyorlar. Yine bu yapılanmalar ABD’nin eğit-donat programı kapsamında eğitilen YPG unsurları tarafından eğitiliyor.

 

İdeolojik olarak ekseriyeti sosyalist olan bu yapılanma yahut kişilerin Suriye’deki varlıklarının ideolojik çerçevesi de dağınık bir mecrada şekilleniyor. Yayınladıkları açıklamalarda ise her defasında Suriye’deki varlıklarının da ‘Emperyalizm’ ve ‘Kapitalizm’e karşı olduğunu vurgulamakta oldukça ısrar ediyorlar.

Emperyalizm’in devrimcileri: YPG’nin yabancı terörist savaşçıları

Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu. Dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinden çeşitli sol ve sol-alternatif görüşlerden örgüt, grup ve kişilerin bir araya gelerek Suriye’de ila ettikleri silahlı birlik olarak çatışma alanlarındaki YTS meselesine yeni bir boyut kazandırdı. Haziran 2015’de YPG kontrolündeki bölgelerde bulunan yabancı örgütlerden müteşekkil bir şemsiye örgüt olarak kuruldu. Çoğunluğu Türkiye’den giden Komünist partiler oluşturmakla beraber İspanyol, Yunan, Amerikan ve İngiliz-İrlandalı örgütler de bu oluşum içinde bulunmakta. Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri (BÖG) ve Halkların Birleşik Devrim Hareketi, (HBDH) Türkiye merkezli Sol örgütlerin çatı yapıları görevi görmekteler. TKEP/L, THKPC/MLSBP[af] Ölümsüzlüğünün 1.yılında Ulaş Adalı için askeri tören gerçekleştirildi – http://www.hbdh- online.org/olumsuzlugunun-1-yilinda-ulas-adali-icin-askeri-toren-gerceklestirildi/ [/af] Devrimci Karargâh gibi örgütlerin Suriye faaliyetleri açık kaynaklara yansımamakla birlikte diğer örgütlere entegre olarak hareket etmektedirler.[af] The International Freedom Battalion – https://medium.com/@alexaguilar/the-international-freedom-battalion-420a5f8e7397 [/af]

Antifa (Antifaşist Eylem/Antifaschistische Aktion)

İlk olarak 1923 yılında Almanya’da kuruldu. Hitlerin yükselişi ile birlikte Komünistlerle ittifak içerisinde olup, İspanya İç Savaşı’nda da yer aldılar. Anarşizmi benimsemişlerdir.[af] The Long History of Antifa – Sarah Jaffe – https://progressive.org/dispatches/the-long-history-of-antifa-170913/ [/af] Suriye’de Ekim 2014’de YPG yöneticileri ile yapılan görüşme[af] The Anarchists vs. the Islamic State – Seth Harp – https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-anarchists-vs-the-islamic- state-109047/ [/af] sonrasında Antifa Uluslararası Taburu kuruldu. Örgütte çok sayıda eski Fransız Lejyoneri ile Afganistan ve Irak’ta savaşan eski Amerikan askeri bulunuyordu. Örgütün Suriye’ye gelen savaşçıları eğitmek için kurduğu ‘Academy’ adlı bir askeri eğitim okulu vardı. Liderleri ise İtalyan asıllı Karim Franceschi idi. YPG safındaki çatışmalarda toplam 20 üyesi öldü. Ekim 2017’de Rakka Operasyonu’nun bitişiyle, Franceschi İtalya’ya döndü ve Hogir kod adlı bir Fransız başa geçmesine rağmen tabur dağıldı.[af] The Untold Story of Syria’s Antifa Platoon – Seth Harp https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/untold-story-syria-antifa-platoon- 666159/ [/af] Bu oluşuma bağlı bazı anarşistler, Afrin’de Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nin Zeytindalı Harekatı’na karşı YPG safında ‘Antifaşist Güçleri-Afrin’ kolu olarak yer aldılar. Aralık 2016’da ölen Michael Israel adına kurulan ‘Michael Israel Taburu’ da bölgede alt grup olarak savaşını sürdürüyordu.[af] Californian killed in Syria is remembered as humble, dedicated to Kurdish cause – Brittny Mejia, Nabih Bulos – https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-california-man- 20161201-story.html [/af]

Örgüt üyeleri; Karim Franceschi (yarı İtalyan yarı Faslı, 7 dil biliyor ve lider), Kevin Benton (25 yaşında, İskoç, keskin nişancı, Afganistan ve Sierra Leone’de görev yaptı.)[af] Scots soldier who helped Kurds overthrow IS in Raqqa could face terror charges by UK poliçe – Lauren Crooks – https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/scots-soldier-who-helped-kurds- 11507329 [/af] , Joshua Bailey (30, işçi, Baltimore ABDli)[af] To Syria and back – Ryan Gallagher – https://theintercept.com/2017/07/10/josh-walker-isis-uk-terrorism-charge-ypg- syria/ [/af] , Alberto Ballesteros, Mark Ramsay (39, eski İngiliz lejyoner), Ariel (23) ve Bagok (29) adlı 2 Finli örgüt üyesi ancak yasalar gereği gerçek adlarını kullanmıyorlar, Frederick Laurent (23, Alman çiftçi) Mitchell Clark (23, ABDli), Michael Hogan (21, ABDli), Josh Wilmeth (22, ABDli)[af] The Foreign fighters of the YPG – Arslon Xudosi – https://medium.com/@arslonxudosi/the-foreign-fighters-of-the-ypg-ff87422d256b [/af]

Devrimci Komünarlar Partisi (DKP) - BÖG (Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri)

BÖG (Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri), DKP örgütünün silahlı koludur. DKP kurucularından ve BÖG komutanı Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu[af] Ulaş Bayraktaroğlu Rakka Operasyonunda Hayatını Kaybetti – https://m.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/186389-ulas-bayraktaroglu-rakka- operasyonunda-hayatini-kaybetti [/af] Mayıs 2017’de DKP Merkez Komite üyesi ve BÖG’ün sonraki komutanı Gökhan Taşyakan ise Eylül 2017’de Rakka’da öldürülmüştür.[af] Gökhan Taşyakan (Ulaş Adalı) İstanbul’da Anıldı – https://odakdergisi.com/gokhan-tasyakan-ulas- adali-istanbulda-anildi/ [/af] Afrin’deki Zeytindalı Harekatı sırasında ise Görkem Tuğal ve Hüseyin Cem Özdemir de öldürülen iki örgüt üyesidir.[af] Afrin’de 3 MLKP’li ve 2 DKP’li hayatını kaybetti – https://sendika63.org/2018/03/afrinde-3-mlkpli-ve-2-dkpli-hayatini-kaybetti- 479619/ [/af]

Kadın Özgürlük Gücü (KÖG)

14 Ağustos 2015’de Birleşik Özgürlük Güçleri’nin (BÖG) silahlı kadın kanadı olarak kuruldu.[af] KÖG: Erkek egemenliğine karşı sürekli taarruz – https://kadinozgurlukgucu.wordpress.com/2016/08/22/kog-erkek-egemenligine-karsi-surekli- taarruz/ [/af] Örgütün üyelerinden ve Meryem Güler Müfrezesi komutanı İdil Güler, Nisan 2017’de Türkiye’ye girmek isterken öldürülmüştür.[af] BÖG: Dar Azza Şehitleri Ölümsüzdür – https://komungucu.com/2017/04/29/bog-dar-azza-sehitleri-olumsuzdur/ [/af]

MLKP (Marksist-Leninst Komünist Parti)

1994 yılında Türkiye’de iki Komünist partinin birleşmesiyle kuruldu. Temmuz 2012’de Suriye’ye geçiş yapan kadroları aracılığı ile ABD destekli YPG yanında silahlı faaliyetlerine başladı. Örgütün Kasım 2014’de bölgede kurduğu “Şehit Serkan Taburu” adlı birliği vardır. Komutanı ise Ahmet Şoreş’tir.[af] Şoreş: Birleşik devrim Ortadoğu’ya yayılacak – http://etha15.com/haberdetay/sores-birlesik-devrim-ortadoguya-yayilacak-97182 [/af] MLKP bünyesinde Suriye ve Türkiye’de öldürülen örgüt üyeleri; Serkan Tosun, Suphi Nejat Ağırnaslı, Sibel Bulut, Oğuz Saruhan, Emre Aslan, İvana Hoffmann, Coşkun İnce, Sinan Sağır, Halil Aksakal, İsmet Şahin, Sevda Çağdaş, Ayşe Deniz Karacagil, Ruhat Aşkara(Afrin), Sedat Akyüz(Afrin), Erdal Demirhan(Afrin), Yeliz Erbay, Şirin Öter, Veli Görgün, Ümit Yetik, Hüseyin Akçiçek, İrfan Gerçek.[af] MLKP’nin 25. Yılı Rojava’da kutlandı – https://www.hbdh-online.org/mlkpnin-25-yili-rojavada-kutlandi/ [/af]

Uluslararası Devrimci Halk Gerilla Kuvvetleri (IRPGF)

Mart 2017 yılında YPG safında anarşist bir yapı olarak savaşmaya başladı.[af] “The Struggle Is not for Martyrdom but for Life” – https://tr.crimethinc.com/2017/04/18/the- struggle-is-not-for-martyrdom-but-for-life [/af] EÖT içerisindeki 2. anarşist yapılanmadır.[af] Interview With IRPGF Comrades: “The IRPGF Will be There to Fight and Work Within Social Revolutions Around the World.” – https://enoughisenough14.org/2017/04/08/interview-with-irpgf-comrades-the-irpgf-will-be- there-to-fight-and-work-within-social-revolutions-around-the-world/ [/af] Temmuz 2017 yılında ‘Eşcinsel İhtilali ve Özgürlük Ordusu’ adında bir alt örgüt kuruldu.[af] Queer Insurrection: First ever LGBT military unit to fight against ISIS in Syria – https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/isis-syria-lgbt-military-unit-to-fight-daesh-irpgf-kurdish- forces-1026383-2017-07-26 [/af] 24 Eylül 2018’de dağıldıklarını açıkladılar.[af] Açıklama – https://twitter.com/IRPGF/status/1044124788833353728 [/af]

Enternasyonalist Dayanışma İçin Devrimci Birlik (RUIS)

2015 yılında YPG’nin ABD desteği ile IŞİD’e karşı toprak kazanmaya başlaması ile kuruldu. Enternasyonel Özgürlük Taburu içerisindeki ilk anarşist yapılanmadır. Yunanistan’dan gelen militanlar tarafından oluşturulmaktadır.[af] Greek Anarchists vs. the Islamic State – https://medium.com/athenslivegr/greek-anarchists-vs-the-islamic-state- 9aac1e335495 [/af] 24 Şubat 2018 tarihinde Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nin Afrin’de yürüttüğü Zeytindalı Harekatı sırasında RUIS bünyesinde yer alan İzlandalı Haukur Hilmarsson (kod: Şahin Hüseyni) öldürüldü.[af] Haukur Hilmarsson’s Death Confirmed – https://www.icelandreview.com/news/haukur-hilmarssons- death-confirmed/ [/af]

Anarşist Mücadele (Tekoşina Anarşist)

Sonbahar 2017’de Suriye’de kurulan anarşist yapılanma, güvenlik gerekçeleri sebebiyle Ocak 2019’a kadar kendisini ilan etmemiş ve Zeytindalı Harekatı sırasında Şevgar Ara Mahno adlı bir militanlarının öldürüldüğünü açıklamıştır. YPG’ye bağlı bir halde Deyrizor’da faaliyetlerini sürdüren[af] https://twitter.com/TA_Anarsist/status/1083457278710370311 [/af] örgüt Türkiye’nin Barış Pınarı Harekatı ile kuzeye taşınmış ve Tel Temr çevresinde faaliyetlere başlamıştır.

TİKKO

TKP/ML’nin silahlı kanadıdır. Maocu çizgidedir. Türkiye’de yasadışı bir komünist parti olarak 1972’de kurulmuştur. IŞİD’in Ayn el Arab kuşatması sırasında Suriye’ye geçerek, YPG safına katılmışlardır.[af] Syria, Turkey and Kurdistan : Interview with a member of the TiKKO Maoist guerrilla – http://ocml-vp.org/article1797.html [/af] Ağustos 2017’de örgütün bölge komutanı Nubar Ozanyan, Rakka’daki çatışmalarda öldürülmüştür.[af] TİKKO Rojava Komutanı Ozanyan şehit düştü – https://www.kizilbayrak45.net/ana- sayfa/haber/guncel/tikko-rojava-komutani-ozanyan-sehit-dustu [/af]

Henri Krasucki Tugayı

Adını Fransa’daki Genel Emek Konfederasyonu eski lideri Henri Krasucki’den[af] Henri Krasucki – https://www.fondationresistance.org/pages/rech_doc/portrait-3.htm [/af] alıyor. IŞİD’in Paris’deki Bataclan saldırısı[af] Paris attacks: What happened on the night – https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34818994 [/af] sonrasında Suriye’deki Fransızlar tarafından kuruldu. Örgüt ilk açıklamayı YPG safında Menbiç’i aldıkları Ağustos/Eylül 2016’da yaptı.

Bob Crow Tugayı

Adını İngiliz Demiryolu, Denizcilik ve Taşımacılık Sendika Başkanı Bob Crow’dan alıyor. Bir grup İskoç, İngiliz, İrlandalı ve Kanadalı’nda oluşuyor. YPG tarafından eğitilirken tanışıp, örgütü kurdular.[af] Syrian war: British volunteers in socialist ‘Bob Crow Brigade’ prepared to die fighting ISIS – https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/syrian-war-british- fighters-in-the-socialist-bob-crow-brigade-prepared-to-die-to-fight-against-isis- a7312161.html [/af]

THKPC, Devrimci Karargâh, TKEP/L’nin Suriye’deki silahlı yapılanmalarına dair çeşitli olay, görüntü ve fotoğraflar zaman zaman örgütlerle ilişkili Suriye yahut Türkiye merkezli haber ağları ve/veya sosyal medya hesapları tarafından paylaşılmaktadır. Bu yapılanmaların çoğunun programında yer alan demokratik devrim ve ulusların kendi kaderini tayin hakkı maddeleri ve konjonktürel şekilde Türkiye’ye karşı tutumları örgütlerin ABD destekli YPG şemsiyesi altında toplanmasına neden olmuştur.

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