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Duvarın ardındaki ülke: Batı Sahra

June 23, 20208 Mins read7.9k Views
Levent Kemal - Adem Yılmaz
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Kuzeyinde Fas, kuzeydoğusunda Cezayir, doğu ve güneyinde Moritanya, batısında Atlas Okyanusu bulunan, kum tepeleri ve sarp dağlarla engebeli bir araziye sahip, yağmurun nadiren düştüğü Batı Sahra bölgesi, 10. yüzyıl sonrası Fas Kralı’na biat eden yerel yöneticiler tarafından idare edildi.[af] Stephen Zunes, Jacob Mundy, Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution, (2010), p1-9 [/af]

 

Etnik olarak çevresindeki çeşitliliği içinde barındırmasına rağmen kendilerini Faslı Arap yahut Berberi olarak görmeyen bu bölge insanlarını anlatmak uzun süredir için Sahravi, yani Sahralı, kelimesi kullanılıyor. Çeşitli tarih araştırmaları da bu bölgedeki halkın Arap, Berberi yahut Araplaşmış Berberiler olmadığı yönünde görüşleri destekliyor.[af] Janos Besenyo, Western Sahara, Publikon, 2009, s.37 [/af]

 

Uzun süre çeşitli hanedanların yönetimi altında yaşamlarını sürdüren Batı Sahra halkının Murabid Hanedanlığı, Alaviyye Hanedanlığı ve Gana egemenliği ile olan gelişen hikayesi 15. yy’daki ticaret seferleri ile değişmeye başlamıştır. Papalığın 1480 Toledo Konvansiyonu ile İspanya yönetimine verdiği[af] Besenyo, a.g.e., s.46 [/af] bölgenin modern dönemdeki kaderi Afrika’da sömürgeciliğin Avrupalı devletler arasında müzakere edildiği 1884 Berlin Konferansı sonrasında yeni bir rotaya girmiştir. Bu müzakereler sonunda da İspanya’nın elinde kalan Batı Sahra, başta zengin fosfat yatakları olmak üzere yer altı kaynaklarıyla stratejik bir öneme sahipti. 1934 sonrası “İspanya Sahrası” vilayeti ismini alan bölge bir asra yakın İspanya tarafından idare edildi.[af] Janos Besenyo, Western-Sahara under the Spanish Empire, AARMS, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2010, s.199, s.206 [/af]

 

1970 yılında sömürge karşıtı ayaklanmaların başladığı Batı Sahra’da, lokal ayaklanmaları takiben 1973’te Mustafa Seyyid liderliğinde bağımsızlık yanlısı silahlı örgüt “Polisario Cephesi” kuruldu. [af] Caner, C. & Şengül, B. (2019). Kuzey Afrika’da bir bağımsızlık mücadelesi analizi: Polisario Cephesi ve Sahra Arap Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (SADC). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, .s 1327 ve s.1335 [/af]

 

Batı Sahra’da Fas egemenliği

 

9 Eylül 1975’te İspanya Dışişleri Bakanı Courtina Mauri, Polisario Cephesi ile yaptığı gizli görüşmede Sahra sakinlerinin kendi kaderlerini tayin etme haklarının bulunduğunu dile getirdi.[af] Zunes – Bundy, a.g.e., s.105 [/af] 16 Ekim 1975’te Uluslararası Yüksek Mahkeme’nin açıkladığı raporda, Batı Sahra ile Fas Krallığı ve Moritanya arasında hiçbir toprak bütünlüğü ilişkisi bulunmadığı ifade edilerek halkların kendi kaderini belirleme hakları ilkesi vurgulandı. [af] Caner – Şengül, a.g.e., s.1328 [/af]

 

Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın bu raporu üzerine İspanya bölgede referandum önererek çıkacak sonuca bağlı kalacağını taahhüt etti. Referandum kararının alınmasının ardından Fas Kralı II. Hasan’ın emriyle 600 bin kişinin kayıt yaptırıp 350 bin Fas vatandaşının iştirak ettiği Batı Sahra topraklarının alınmasına yönelik “yeşil yürüyüş” adı verilen harekât başlatıldı.[af] Besenyő, Western Sahara, Publikon, 2009, s.89 ve Caner – Şengül, a.g.e., s.1328 [/af]

 

Fas Ordusu’nun kuzeyden, Moritanya Ordusu’nun güneyden ilhak ettiği Batı Sahra’da Polisario Cephesi gerilla savaşı başlattı. İspanya Kasım 1975’te, Madrid Anlaşmasıyla yerel halkın taleplerini göz ardı ederek Batı Sahra topraklarını Fas ve Moritanya arasında paylaştırarak bölgeden çekildi.[af] Madrid anlaşması metni için bkz: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MA-MR-ES_751114_DeclarationPrinciplesOnWesternSahara_0.pdf [/af]

 

Batı Sahra’nın bağımsızlığı için silahlı mücadele veren Polisario Cephesi bölünmeyi asla kabul etmedi. Batı Sahra’nın Fas ve Moritanya tarafından bölüşülmesine tepki olarak 27 Şubat 1976’da Polisario Cephesi Demokratik Sahra Arap Cumhuriyeti’ni (Saharan Arab Democratic Republic-SADR) ilan etti.[af] Besenyő, Western Sahara, Publikon, 2009, s.101 [/af]

 

Temmuz 1978’de gerçekleşen askeri darbeyle istikrarı sarsılan Moritanya[af] Military Takes Over in Mauritania With a Reportedly Bloodless Coup, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/11/archives/military-takes-over-in-mauritania-with-a-reportedly-bloodless-coup.html [/af]artan Polisario Cephesi’nin saldırıları sonrası Batı Sahra topraklarından kademeli şekilde geri çekildi. [af] “Moritanya’ya karşı önemli başarılar elde eden Sahrâvî Kurtuluş Ordusu (SKO), 8 Haziran 1976’da başkent Nouakchott’uyu;

 

1 Mayıs 1977’de de maden kenti Zourate’yi bastılar. Altı Fransız madenci bu saldırılarda SKO tarafından rehin alındı (SSI, 2013:37). Kentler ancak Fransa’nın bölgeye asker göndereceğini açıklamasıyla kurtarılabilmişti. Moritanya ile yapılan çatışmalarda yaklaşık 1600 Moritanya askeri ölmüş, 900 asker yaralanmış ve 96 asker SKO tarafından ele geçirilmiştir.” – Caner – Şengül, a.g.e., s.1329 [/af] Ardından 1979 yılında Moritanya ile Polisario Cephesi arasında bir ateşkes anlaşması imzalandı. [af] Caner – Şengül, a.g.e., s.1330 [/af]

 

Fas, Batı Sahra’da kontrolünde bulunan bölgeyi korumak adına 1980 yılının Mayıs ayında General Ahmed Dlimi’nin önerisi ile 100 bin Fas askeri tarafından korunan bu duvar nöbetçi kuleleri ve mayınlarla donanmış modern bir Çin Seddi görünümünde bir duvar örmeye başladı.[af] Janos Besenyo, Guerrilla Operations in Western Sahara: The Polisario versus Morocco and Mauritania, Connections QJ 16, no. 3, 2017. 23-45, s.41 [/af]

 

Cezayir’in Batı Sahra siyaseti

 

Bölgedeki Fas hâkimiyetiyle birlikte binlerce Sahra sakini Cezayir başta olmak üzere çevre ülkelere göç etti. Yoğun göçlerin ardından Cezayir’in güneybatısındaki Tindouf kenti yakınlarında beş büyük mülteci kampı oluştu.[af] Saharawi Refugees Camps-TindoufAlger Algeria Humanitarian Situation Report-1, https://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/UNICEF_Saharawi_Refugee_Camps_Algeria_Humanitarian_Situation_Report_18_Aug_2016.pdf [/af] Yaklaşık 175,00 mültecinin yaşadığı bu kamplara Batı Sahra’daki şehir isimleri verildi: El-Ayoun, Smara, Ausserd ve Dakhla.[af] Sahrawi Refugees in Tindouf, Algeria: Total In‐Camp Population, UNHCR Report, Mart 2018 [/af]

 

Cezayir, sınırında gelişen olaylara kayıtsız kalmamanın dışında Fas ile yürüttüğü bölgesel rekabet üzerinden sık sık Batı Sahra konusuna müdahil olmuş  ve Fas’ın Batı Sahra’daki müdahalelerini eleştirdiği gibi Polisario Cephesi’nin bağımsızlık mücadelesine destek vermiştir. Cezayir Tindouf’taki mülteci kamplarında teşkilatlanana Polisario’ya halen aktif desteğini ifade etmektedir.[af] Algeria’s President: We Will Continue to Support Polisario, https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/01/291031/algeria-tebboune-polisario-western-sahara/ [/af] Bölgedeki en büyük rakibi Fas yerine bağımsız ve dost bir Batı Sahra ülkesi üzerinden Atlantik’e ulaşım imkânı Cezayir için önemli bir kazanç olabilir.

 

Cezayir, binlerce mülteciye ev sahipliği yapmasından ötürü uluslararası platformlardaki Batı Sahra meselesi ile alakalı görüşmelerde söz sahibi ülkelerden birisi. Sahra halkının kendi kaderini tayin hakkını vurgulayan Cezayir, bölgedeki rakibi Fas’ın Batı Sahra’daki nüfuzunu eleştirmekte.[af] Konu ile ilgili genel olarak bkz: Jacobs, Michael D., “Hegemonic Rivalry in the Maghreb: Algeria and Morocco in the Western Sahara Conflict” (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations – Djallil Lounnas and Nizar Messari, Algeria–Morocco relations and their impact on the Maghrebi regional system, Menara Working Papers, No. 20, October 2018 – Anna Jacobs, The Battleground for the Morocco-Algeria Rivalry, https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/34645 [/af]

 

Batı Sahra’nın ekonomik önemi 

 

Batı Sahra’nın kuzeyindeki El-Ayoun kentinden Atlantik kıyısı boyunca güneydeki Dakhla’ya gidildiği zaman Boujdour şehrine yaklaşınca ahtapot başta olmak üzere deniz ürünleri taşıyan sayısız kamyona rastlamak mümkün. Batı Sahra, bin 200 km. kıyı uzunluğu ile dünyanın en çok balık üretilen bölgelerinden birisi. Fas, sahil şeridinin ve okyanustaki ekonomik alanının genişliğine rağmen balıkçılık konusunda Batı Sahra ile mücadele ediyor.[af] https://www.wsrw.org/a120x522 [/af]

 

Kuzeyden güneye sahil şeridinde devam edenleri Dakhla yakınlarında sera tarlaları karşılar. Batı Sahra Kaynak İzleme Örgütü’ne göre şehrin çevresinde 11 büyük tarım arazisi mevcut.[af] https://www.wsrw.org/a201x1837 [/af] Fransız meyve-sebze üretim firması “Idyl”, güney yıldızı anlamına gelen “etoile du sud” markasıyla bu bölgede kiraz domatesleri üretmişti. Batı Sahra Kaynakları İzleme Örgütü’ne göre “Orijinal Fas Ürünleri” etiketiyle piyasaya sürülen bu domatesler Dakhla’ya 1.200 km uzaklıktaki Fas’ın Agadir limanı üzerinden Avrupa’ya ihraç ediliyor.

 

El-Ayoun şehrine geri dönüldüğünde 10 km kuzeyde l’Office chérifien des phosphates (OCP) adındaki Fas şirketinin işlettiği limanda yüz km uzaklıktaki Bou Craa bölgesinden yine bir Fas firması olan Phosphates de Boucraa tarafından çıkarılıp[af] Sales Of Western Sahara “Conflict Minerals” Rise But Trade Is Getting Harder For Morocco To Maintain, https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2019/04/08/sales-of-western-sahara-conflict-minerals-rise-but-trade-is-getting-harder-for-morocco-to-maintain/#7953928754f8 [/af] limana getirilen fosfat madenlerinin yüklemesindeki hummalı çalışmalar görülebilir. Dünyanın en zengin fosfat madenlerinin bulunduğu Batı Sahra’daki bu kaynaklar Fas tarafından sömürge sistemi ile işletiliyor. Fas, el koyduğu bu kaynaklar sayesinde dünyanın en büyük fosfat üreticisi konumunda.[af] Twist of Phosphate, https://www.thebusinessyear.com/morocco-has-worlds-largest-phosphates-resources-critical-for-global-agriculture/focus#:~:text=Despite%20the%20Kingdom’s%20significant%20reserves,140%20million%20tons%20in%202018. [/af]

 

Batı Sahra Kaynak İzleme Örgütü’ne göre Fas, 2017 yılında Batı Sahra bölgesinden toplam 1,5 milyon ton fosfat dışsatımı ile yaklaşık 142 milyon dolar elde etti.[af] New Report On Contentius Western Sahara Phosphate Trade, https://www.wsrw.org/a249x4159 [/af]

 

Batı Sahra’nın balıkçılık, tarım ve maden kaynakları bakımından eşsiz zenginliği Fas’ın ekonomik büyümesine büyük katkı sağladı. Öte yandan, Fransız petrol şirketi Total 2014’te Batı Sahra’da petrol arama faaliyetleri yürüttüğünü açıkladı.[af] What is Total doing in Western Sahara?, https://multinationales.org/What-is-Total-doing-in-Western [/af]

 

Batı Sahra’da mevcut durum

 

Fas’ın 1980’de Batı Sahra’da kontrolündeki toprakları Polisario Cephesi’nden korumak için inşa etmeye başladığı 2.720 km uzunluktaki duvarı 1987’de tamamladı. Mevcut durumda Fas, Batı Sahra’nın %80’ini kontrol ediyor.[af] Morocco and Western Sahara: a decades-long war of attrition, https://theconversation.com/morocco-and-western-sahara-a-decades-long-war-of-attrition-122084 [/af]

 

Polisario Cephesi, 1991’de BM arabuluculuğundaki ateşkes görüşmelerine kadar Faslı kuvvetlere karşı 16 yıl boyunca gerilla savaşıyla mücadelesini sürdürdü. Nisan 1991’de Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin ateşkes ve referandum kararını her iki taraf ta kabul etti. Anlaşma gereği Batı Sahra’da Referandum için Birleşmiş Milletler Misyonu (MINORSU) kuruldu. Bu misyonun görevi ateşkes anlaşmasına uyulmasını ve referandumun yapılmasını denetlemekti.[af] BM 1991 yılı 690 nolu çözüm planı metni için: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/690(1991) [/af]

 

Ateşkes kararı sonrası tüm girişimlere rağmen referandum çeşitli teknik ve siyasi nedenlerle gerçekleşemedi.[af] Batı Sahra halkının büyük bir bölümü mülteci konumuna düşmüş, halihazırda devlet alt yapısı bulunmayan bölgede seçimlerin gerçekleşmesi için kimlik ve köken belirleme çalışmaları yürütülememiş ve siyasi tartışmalara neden olmuştu. Referandum bu gibi nedenlerle gerçekleştirilemedi [/af] Fas, tüm karşı kararlara rağmen [af] EU Court confirms: Western Sahara not part of EU-Morocco fish deal, https://www.wsrw.org/a105x4234#:~:text=In%20its%20new%20ruling%20dated,be%20applied%20to%20the%20territory.&text=In%20this%20sense%2C%20the%20territory,of%20this%20Agreement%20and%20Protocol%22. [/af] Batı Sahra topraklarının kendisine ait olduğunu iddia ediyor. Polisario Cephesi ise Fas’ın Batı Sahra demografik yapısını sistematik olarak değiştirmeye devam ettiği için müzakereleri uzatıp zaman kazandığını iddia ediyor. Taraflar arasında pek çok çözüm görüşmesi de bir sonuca ulaşamıyor.

 

Polisario Cephesi, 1991 yılından bu yana gerilla savaşına ara verse de gerilim ortadan kalkmadı. Mülteci kampları merkezli protesto gösterileri ve saldırılar ara ara devam ediyor. Demokratik Sahra Arap Cumhuriyeti’nin başkent olarak kabul ettiği, Fas kontrolünde bulunan El-Ayoun yakınlarındaki 20 bin kişilik “Onur Kampı” isimli mülteci çadır kentinde ordu ve polis ile direnişçiler arasında şiddetli çatışmalar gerçekleşti. Gerginliğin büyümesinin ardından Fas ordusu kampı tahliye etti.

 

Batı Sahra’nın yaklaşık %20’si Polisario Cephesi tarafından yönetiliyor. Bu alan büyük oranda yerleşimin mümkün olmadığı çöl ve bozkır bölgesi. Örülen duvar vasıtasıyla birbirinden ayrılan Sahralılar, Cezayir ve Moritanya başta olmak üzere komşu ülkelerde zor şartlar altında yaşamlarına devam ediyor.

 

Bu yazı Acta Fabula için Adem Yılmaz ve Levent Kemal tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. 

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