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İran’ın Kürt Politikası: Truva Atı Taktiği

June 19, 20208 Mins read6k Views
Levent Kemal - Adem Yılmaz
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İran’da ciddi bir nüfusa ve sosyo-ekonomik görünürlüğe sahip olan Kürtler ülke batısındaki Zağros dağları etekleri boyunca Kürdistan, Kirmanşah, Batı Azerbaycan ve İlam eyaletlerinde mukimdir. [af] Göktürk Tüysüzoğlu, “Kürt ve Beluci Ulusçuluklarının Benzeşen ve Ayrışan Yönleri Resembling And Diverging Aspects Of Kurdish Nationalism And Baloch Nationalism”, Ortadoğu Yıllığı, 2013, 419 [/af] Başkent Tahran ve kuzeydoğudaki Horasan [af] Safevi döneminde ülke batısındaki Kürt nüfus yoğunluğunu azaltmak ve doğu sınırlarını Özbek akınlarına karşı tahkim etmek amacıyla Urumiye Gölü çevresinden Horasan’a zorunlu Kürt göçleri gerçekleşmiştir. Günümüzde İran’ın Horasan-ı Razavi ve Kuzey Horasan eyaletlerinde 2 milyona yakın Kürt yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir. Geniş bilgi için bkz. Selim Temo, Horasan Kürtleri, Alfa Yayın (İstanbul, 2018) [/af] eyaletlerinde de yoğunluk arz eden Kürtlerin ülke genelindeki nüfusunun 10 – 12 milyon olduğu tahmin ediliyor. [af] “The Kurdish population”, erişim 14 Haziran 2020, https://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/the-kurdish-population-1232551004 [/af]

 

Kültürel anlamda çeşitlilik gösteren İran Kürtleri, Urumiye gölü çevresi ve Horasan bölgesinde Kurmanci, Kürdistan bölgesinde Sorani, Kirmanşah güneyinde Gorani ve Kelhori lehçelerini konuşmaktadırlar. Önemli bir bölümü (%70) Sünni mezhebine mensup bulunan İran Kürtleri içerisinde 12 İmam Şiiliği ve Ehl-i Hakk takipçileri de bulunmaktadır.[af] Ali Dolamari ve Baban Eliassi, “Les Kurdes d’Iran à l’écart”, Outre-Terre 28, sayı 2 (2011): 341, https://doi.org/10.3917/oute.028.0341 [/af]

 

Pehlevi devrinin son evresinde Kürtler

 

İran Kürtleri Osmanlı ile olan sınır hattında yaşamalarının da etkisiyle Safevi ve Kacar devirlerinde bölgedeki siyasi denklemde etkili bir aktör olarak öne çıktı. Birinci Dünya Savaşı yılları ve sonrasında Şikak aşireti lideri Simko’nun [af] Fatih Ünal, “Şikak Aşireti ve Reisi Simko Lakaplı İsmail Ağa’nın Faaliyetleri”, Tarih Dergisi, sayı 44 (28 Mayıs 2012), https://dergipark.org.tr/iutarih/issue/9615/120117 [/af] isyanlarıyla merkezi yönetim için ciddi tehdit oluşturan İran Kürtleri, İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra kurulan kısa ömürlü Mahabad Kürt Cumhuriyeti ile merkezî yönetime meydan okudu. [af] M. Fatih ÇİÇEK, “Bütün Yönleriyle Mahabad Kürdistan Cumhuriyeti (1941-1946)”, erişim 15 Haziran 2020, https://www.academia.edu/31032903/Bütün_Yönleriyle_Mahabad_Kürdistan_Cumhuriyeti_1941-1946_ [/af]

 

Kürt aşiretlerine yönelik baskı

 

Aşiret lideri Simko’nun isyanları ve Mahabad Kürt Cumhuriyeti’nin bıraktığı ayrılıkçı etkinin canlı olduğu Kürdistan’da otoriteyi tesis etmek isteyen Pehlevi rejimi aşiretleri baskı altına alma stratejisini izledi. [af] ran Mohammadi, “Regards sur le mouvement ethnique au Kurdistan iranien”, Cemoti 38, sayı 1 (2004): 188, https://doi.org/10.3406/cemot.2004.1749 [/af]

 

Aşiretlerin geleneksel kıyafetlerini yasaklayan, topraklarını elinden alan, onları silahsızlandırıp zorunlu askerliğe tabi tutan uygulamalarla birlikte İran tarihinde ilk defa askeri güç dengesi aşiretlerden merkezi hükümete kaymış oldu. [af] Ervand Abrahamian, Modern İran Tarihi, İş Bankası (İstanbul, 2018), 122 [/af]

 

İran’ın doğusundaki Urumiye Gölü çevresinde mukim olan Milan, Celali, Şıkak ve Bradosti gibi Kürt aşiretlerinin silahlarına el koyan Pehlevi rejimi, bu aşiretlerin geleneksel yaylak ve kışlak hayatına son verdirip bir kısmını Kazvin gibi ülkenin iç bölgelerine sürgün etti. [af] İbrahim Moshfagifar, “Berresi ehdaf siyasi – nizami göç ve iskân icbari berhi tevayif ve ilat İran”, Faslname Gencîne, (Payiz – 1386) 39 [/af]

 

Devrime giden süreçte etkili Kürt siyasi hareketleri

 

Mahabad Kürt Cumhuriyeti’nin yıkılmasıyla birlikte yer altına çekilen İran Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi (İKDP) 1970’li yılların başında Şahlık rejiminin zayıflamasıyla yeniden faaliyetlerine başladı. 1973’te İKDP Genel Sekreterliğine seçilen Abdurrahman Kasımlo, 1978’de Prag’daki akademik çalışmalarını bırakarak İran’a dönüp güçlü bir askeri ve siyasi teşkilatlanma başlattı. [af] “İran’ın hedefindeki muhalif Kürt gruplar”, erişim 15 Haziran 2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/iranin-hedefindeki-muhalif-kurt-gruplar/1252026 [/af]

 

Devrime giden süreçte etkili olan Kürt siyasi hareketlerine 1969 yılında sol görüşlü Kürt öğrenciler tarafından Tahran’da kurulan ve kısa sürede Kürdistan eyaletinde örgütlenen İran Kürdistanı Devrimci ve Emekçi Partisi (Komele) de örnek verilebilir. Daha çok öğrenciler ve işçiler arasında taraftar toplayan Komele, ideolojik açıdan Kürt milliyetçiliği ve komünizmin senteziydi. [af] “Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan, An Introduction”, erişim 15 Haziran 2020, http://www.komalainternational.org/2018/02/19/komala-party-of-iranian-kurdistan-an-introduction [/af]

 

Bu dönemde Kürdistan eyaleti ve çevresinde Şahlık rejimi karşıtı siyasi faaliyet yürüten oluşumlardan biri de Sünni din adamı Ahmed Müftüzade’nin çevresinde örgütlenen Kuran Mektebi hareketiydi. Senendec şehrinde güçlü bir taban bulan Kuran Mektebi, devrime giden süreçte bölge halkının rejim karşısında konsolide edilmesinde çok etkili oldu. [af] “Sunni school under scrutiny in Iranian Kurdistan”, erişim 19 Haziran 2020, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iran/23102014 [/af]

 

 

Devrim sonrası Kürdistan eyaletindeki durum

 

1979 Şubat’ında Pehlevi rejiminin çökmesini izleyen dönemde Batı İran’daki Kürt yoğunluklu eyaletler farklı siyasi inançtaki birçok ayrılıkçı grubun kontrol ettiği bir bölge haline geldi.

 

İhtilâl sürecinde siyasi mahkumların hapisten salıverilmesi veya sürgünden dönmeleri, Şah yanlısı imparatorluk ordusunun dağılması, Abdurrahman Kasımlo liderliğindeki İKDP ve nispeten daha marjinal bir sol hareket olan Komele gibi yer altından çıkan grupların faaliyetleri merkezî hükümetin bölgeye nüfuz edemeyişine zemin oluşturdu. [af] Martin Van Bruinessen, Kürdistan Üzerine Yazılar, İletişim (İstanbul, 2015), 169 [/af]

 

22 Şubat 1979’da Kürt siyasal hareketinin sembol şehirlerinden Mahabad’ın kontrolü İran KDP’sine geçti. Kürt grupları kısa sürede Kürdistan eyaletindeki birçok şehir ve kasabayı ele geçirdikten sonra güneyde Kirmanşah eyaleti sınırları içerisinde yer alan Pave şehrinde hâkimiyet kurdu. [af] Nebile Ruhi, “Şeklgiri buhran Kürdistan ve Sazman Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt” Faslnâme Mütalaat-ı Besic, No:36, Bahar – 1386, s. 5 [/af]

 

 

İKDP – Komele ittifakı

 

Tahran yönetimi Kürdistan eyaleti ve çevresindeki ayrılıkçı örgütlere yönelik birçok kez geniş askeri taarruzlar denese de muvaffak olamadı. Taraflar arasındaki müzakere girişimleri de başarısız olunca şiddetli çatışmalar devam etti. Saldırılar karşısında gösterilen direnç İKDP ve Komele’nin askeri ve siyasi konumlarını pekiştirmesine yol açtı.

 

Mart 1979’da İKDP ve Komele gibi farklı siyasi grupların oluşturduğu yerel platformun sözcülüğüne Mahabad Cuma İmamı İzzeddin Hüseyni seçildi. Kürtçenin Farsça gibi resmi dil olarak kabul edilmesi, Kürdistan eyaletinin idari anlamda özerkliğinin kabulü, bu bölgenin güvenliğinin yerel güçler tarafından üstlenilmesi gibi 8 maddeden oluşan şartlar Tahran’a sunuldu. [af] Yeryüzünde bozgunculuk çıkaranlar anlamına gelen müfsid-i fi’l-arz’ İran yargı literatüründe idam edilecek mahkûmlar için ifade edilen bir suçlamaydı. Mohammadi, “Regards sur le mouvement ethnique au Kurdistan iranien”, 2004 [/af]

 

Ayrılıkçı hareketlerin özerklik taleplerini reddeden Humeyni, İKDP’yi “şeytan partisi” ve “İslam düşmanı”, Kasımlo ve İzzeddin Hüseyni’yi ise “müfsid-i fi’l-arz” diye niteleyerek Kürdistan eyaletinde cihad ilan etti. [af] Iran Mohammadi, “Regards sur le mouvement ethnique au Kurdistan iranien”, CEMOTI 38, sayı 1 (2004): 185–204, https://doi.org/10.3406/cemot.2004.1749 [/af]

 

 

PMK: Tahran’ın Truva Atı

 

Tahran yönetimi başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan saldırı girişimleri sonrasında yeni bir strateji izledi. Önceki rejimlerle benzer şekilde Kürdistan sınavına tabi tutulan Şii teokratik rejim daha önce denenmemiş bir yol takip etti. İran Devrim Muhafızları Ordusu, çatışmaların şiddetinden ötürü Kürdistan’dan ayrılıp Kirmanşah’a yerleşen Sünni Kürtleri ile Kirmanşah çevresindeki Şii Kürtleri ayrılıkçı gruplara karşı silahlandırarak Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt isimli örgütü kurdu. [af] Ali Ekber Rencbaran, “Nakşe Sazman Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt der temin emniyet paydar mıntıka Kürdistan”, http://pmrk.ir/article/1.html , s.8. [/af]

 

Dini lider Humeyni’nin emriyle Devrim Muhafızları Ordusu Batı İran Komutanı Muhammed Burucerdi tarafından Temmuz 1979’da kurulan Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt örgütünün liderliğine Kürdistan eyaletinin yönetim merkezi Senendec doğumlu Mam Rahim Ahmedî getirildi.

 

Sahayı iyi bilen yerli halktan oluşan bu örgüt kısa sürede ayrılıkçı grupların direnişini kırmayı başararak Ocak 1980’de Kürdistan güneyindeki Kamyaran şehrini ele geçirdi. [af] A.g.m. [/af]

 

 

Ayrılıkçı grupların yenilgisi

 

İki yıl içinde Kürdistan eyaletinde birçok noktada hâkimiyet kuran PMK, 1982’ye gelindiğinde ayrılıkçı grupların elindeki son yerleşim birimi Bukan şehrinde de kontrolü sağladı. Şehir merkezlerinde varlığı sona eren, kırsal kesimde bağlantı noktalarını da kaybeden İ-KDP ve Komele 1983 yılında Irak kuzeyine çekilmek zorunda kaldı. [af] Nebile Ruhi, “Şeklgiri buhran Kürdistan ve Sazman Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt” Faslnâme Mütalaat-ı Besic, No:36, Bahar – 1386, s. 9 [/af]

 

PMK’nın Kürdistan eyaletinde hâkimiyet sağlamasında etkili olan gelişmelerden birisi Komele’nin aşiret ağalarına savaş açmasıydı. Sınıf ayrımını reddeden Komele’nin izlediği bu siyaset Kürt aşiretlerinin merkezi yönetimle işbirliği yapmasını sonuç verdi. Nitekim bu faktörü göz ardı etmeyen Humeyni, aşiretler için devrimin zahiresi / azığı övgüsünde bulunarak aşiret güçlerinin merkezi yönetime muhalif olan hareketlerin bastırılmasında aktif olmalarını istedi. [af] Nabile Ruhi, a.g.m, s.17 [/af]

 

Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt örgütü, bölgede kontrol kurduğu gibi 1980-1988 yılları arasında cereyan eden Irak savaşının hassas dönemlerinde ayrılıkçı grupların Kürdistan’a dönmelerine de engel oluşturdu.

 

Neden Sünni Kürtler?

 

Tahran yönetiminin ayrılıkçı örgütleri ezmek için Sünni Kürtleri seferber edişi siyasi mühendislikle izah edilecek stratejik bir hamleydi. Büyük bir bölümü Sünni Kürtlerden oluşan Kürdistan eyaletindeki krizi örneğin İlam eyaletinden Şii Kürt milislerle bastırmak İslami vahdet söylemiyle Sünni dünyaya seslenen çiçeği burnunda Şii teokratik rejim için imaj kaybı olabilirdi.

 

Gerilla savaşından ötürü Kirmanşah’a göç etmiş Kürdistanlı Sünni Kürtlerin bölgeyi iyi tanımaları da rejimin Sünni Kürtleri tercih etmesinde etkili olmuş olabilir. Öte yandan Peşmergân-ı Müselmân-ı Kürt isimli Sünni karakterli örgütün ön plana çıkarılması Şiilik mezhebini esas alan Tahran yönetiminin Sünni çoğunluklu bir bölgede kabul görmesi açısından da kritik bir eşiktir.

 

 

PMK’nın bugünü

 

PMK Kürdistan’da kontrolü sağlamasıyla birlikte örgütün bir bölümü Irak savaşı için cepheye sevk edilirken bir kısmı da ayrılıkçı Kürt gruplarının tekrar şehre dönmelerine engel olmak için bölgede “korucu” görevi ifa etti.

 

Irak savaşının hafiflemesiyle birlikte ülke sathında düzeni sağlayan Tahran yönetimi PMK’ya ihtiyaç kalmayınca birçok örgüt üyesi silahlarına el konularak hapsedildi. [af] 79 devrimi sonrası Kürdistan bölgesinde saha araştırmaları yapan Y.A ile görüşme, 3 Ağustos 2019 [/af] Öte yandan bazı PMK üyeleri Devrim Muhafızları Ordusu’nun Hamza Karargâhı’nda çeşitli görevlere getirildi. PKK’nın İran uzantısı PJAK’ın 2004’te kurulmasının ardından PMK’nın istihbari bilgi ihtiyacı için yeniden aktif hale getirildiği iddia edildi.[af] “Nakşe haberçinhaye bumi der dergirihaye Kürdistan”, Radiozamaneh, https://www.radiozamaneh.com/302296 , 2016 [/af]

 

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